Events

• 1547 – Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, is sentenced to death for treason, on the grounds of having quartered his arms to make them similar to those of the King, Henry VIII of England.
• 1793 – Nicolas Jean Hugon de Bassville, representative of Revolutionary France, is lynched by a mob in Rome.
• 1797 – French Revolutionary Wars: A naval battle between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the coast of Brittany ends with the French vessel running aground, resulting in over 900 deaths.
• 1815 – War of 1812: British troops capture Fort Peter in St. Marys, Georgia, the only battle of the war to take place in the state.
• 1833 – United States President Andrew Jackson writes to Vice President Martin Van Buren expressing his opposition to South Carolina’s defiance of federal authority in the Nullification Crisis.
• 1842 – Dr. William Brydon, an assistant surgeon in the British East India Company Army during the First Anglo-Afghan War, becomes famous for being the sole survivor of an army of 4,500 men and 12,000 camp followers when he reaches the safety of a garrison in Jalalabad, Afghanistan.
• 1847 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends the Mexican-American War in California.
• 1849 – Establishment of the Colony of Vancouver Island.
• 1849 – Second Anglo-Sikh War: Battle of Chillianwala: British forces retreat from the Sikhs.
• 1893 – US Marines land in Honolulu, Hawaii from the USS Boston to prevent the queen from abrogating the Bayonet Constitution.
• 1895 – First Italo-Ethiopian War: The war’s opening battle, the Battle of Coatit, occurs; it is an Italian victory.
• 1898 – Émile Zola’s J’accuse…! exposes the Dreyfus affair.
• 1900 – To combat Czech nationalism, Emperor Franz Joseph decrees German will be language of imperial army.
• 1935 – A plebiscite in Saarland shows that 90.3% of those voting wish to join Nazi Germany.
• 1942 – Henry Ford patents a soybean car, which is 30% lighter than a regular car.
• 1942 – World War II: First use of an aircraft ejection seat by a German test pilot in a Heinkel He 280 jet fighter.
• 1950 – British submarine HMS Truculent collides with an oil tanker in the Thames Estuary, killing 64 men.
• 1951 – First Indochina War: The Battle of Vĩnh Yên begins.
• 1958 – The Moroccan Army of Liberation ambushes a Spanish patrol in the Battle of Edchera.
• 1963 – Coup d’état in Togo results in the assassination of president Sylvanus Olympio.
• 1972 – Prime Minister Kofi Abrefa Busia and President Edward Akufo-Addo of Ghana are ousted in a bloodless military coup by Colonel Ignatius Kutu Acheampong.
• 1986 – A month-long violent struggle begins in Aden, South Yemen between supporters of Ali Nasir Muhammad and Abdul Fattah Ismail, resulting in thousands of casualties.
• 1991 – Soviet Union troops attack Lithuanian independence supporters in Vilnius, killing 14 people and wounding around 1000 others.
• 1993 – The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is signed.
• 1993 – Operation Southern Watch: USAF, USN, RAF and French Air Force jets attack AAA and SAM sites in Southern Iraq.
• 2018 – A false emergency alert warning of an impending missile strike in Hawaii causes widespread panic in the state.

People (Births)

• 1651 – Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington, English soldier and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1694).
• 1883 – Nathaniel Cartmell, American runner and coach (d. 1967).
• 1893 – Charles Arnison, English lieutenant, pilot, and flying ace (d. 1974).
• 1905 – Jack London, English sprinter and pianist (d. 1966).
• 1923 – Willem Slijkhuis, Dutch runner (d. 2003).
• 1926 – Michael Bond, English soldier and author, created Paddington Bear (d. 2017).
• 1927 – Brock Adams, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 5th United States Secretary of Transportation (d. 2004).
• 1938 – Dave Edwards, US Navy officer and politician (d. 2013).
• 1949 – Rakesh Sharma, Indian commander, pilot, and astronaut.
• 1970 – Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (d. 2004).
• 1978 – Mohit Sharma, Indian Army Officer (d. 2009).
• 1984 – Kamghe Gaba, German sprinter.
• 1987 – Daniel Oss, Italian cyclist.
• 1997 – Egan Bernal, Colombian cyclist, winner of the 2019 Tour de France.

People (Deaths)

• 86 BC – Gaius Marius, Roman general and politician (b. 157 BC).
• 1147 – Robert de Craon, Grand Master of the Knights Templar.
• 1790 – Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, French admiral (b. 1712).
• 1882 – Wilhelm Mauser, German engineer and businessman, co-founded the Mauser Company (arms manufacturer) (b. 1834).
• 1916 – Victoriano Huerta, Mexican military officer and president, 1913-1914 (b. 1850).
• 2014 – Waldemar von Gazen, German general and lawyer (b. 1917).
• 2015 – Robert White, American soldier and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Paraguay (b. 1926).