Events

• 999 – Battle of Glenmama: The combined forces of Munster and Meath under king Brian Boru inflict a crushing defeat on the allied armies of Leinster and Dublin near Lyons Hill in Ireland.
• 1066 – Granada massacre: A Muslim mob storms the royal palace in Granada, crucifies Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacres most of the Jewish population of the city.
• 1419 – Hundred Years’ War: Battle of La Rochelle.
• 1460 – Wars of the Roses: Lancastrians kill the 3rd Duke of York and win the Battle of Wakefield.
• 1702 – Queen Anne’s War: James Moore, Governor of the Province of Carolina, abandons the Siege of St. Augustine.
• 1813 – War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York.
• 1816 – The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the united Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi Indian tribes is proclaimed.
• 1825 – The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the Shawnee Nation is proclaimed.
• 1853 – Gadsden Purchase: The United States buys land from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest.
• 1890 – Following the Wounded Knee Massacre, the United States Army and Lakota warriors face off in the Drexel Mission Fight.
• 1896 – Filipino patriot and reform advocate José Rizal is executed by a Spanish firing squad in Manila.
• 1897 – The British Colony of Natal annexes Zululand.
• 1922 – The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is formed.
• 1935 – The Italian Air Force bombs a Swedish Red Cross hospital during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.
• 1943 – Subhas Chandra Bose raises the flag of Indian independence at Port Blair.
• 1944 – King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving the throne vacant.
• 1947 – Cold War: King Michael I of Romania is forced to abdicate by the Soviet Union-backed Communist government of Romania.
• 1952 – An RAF Avro Lancaster bomber crashes in Luqa, Malta after an engine failure, killing three crew members and a civilian on the ground.
• 1958 – The Guatemalan Air Force sinks several Mexican fishing boats alleged to have breached maritime borders, killing three and sparking international tension.
• 1972 – Vietnam War: Operation Linebacker II ends.
• 2006 – Former President of Iraq Saddam Hussein is executed.
• 2009 – A suicide bomber kills nine people at Forward Operating Base Chapman, a key facility of the Central Intelligence Agency in Afghanistan.

People (Births)

• 1760 – Charles Sapinaud de La Rairie, French general (d. 1829).
• 1884 – Hideki Tōjō, Japanese general and politician, 40th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948)
• 1887 – William Kolehmainen, Finnish-American runner and coach (d. 1967)
• 1890 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, Mexican soldier and politician, 47th President of Mexico (1952-1958) who granted women the right to vote. (d. 1973).
• 1934 – Joseph P. Hoar, American general.
• 1944 – William J. Fallon, American admiral.
• 1945 – Paola Pigni, Italian runner (d. 2021).
• 1949 – David Bedford, English runner.
• 1950 – Martti Vainio, Finnish runner.
• 1951 – Nick Rose, English runner.
• 1961 – Ben Johnson, Jamaican-Canadian sprinter.
• 1968 – Sandra Glover, American hurdler.
• 1973 – Ato Boldon, Trinidadian runner, sportscaster, and politician.
• 1977 – Glory Alozie, Nigerian-Spanish sprinter and hurdler.
• 1982 – Dathan Ritzenhein, American runner.
• 1983 – Nick Symmonds, American runner.
• 1985 – Lars Boom, Dutch cyclist.

People (Deaths)

• 903 – Tian Jun, Chinese warlord (b. 858).
• 1769 – Nicholas Taaffe, 6th Viscount Taaffe, Irish-Austrian soldier and courtier (b. 1685).
• 1999 – Des Renford, Australian swimmer (b. 1927).
• 2006 – Saddam Hussein, Iraqi general and politician, 5th President of Iraq (b. 1937).
• 2013 – Kinnaird R. McKee, American admiral (b. 1929).