Events

• 1066 – Following the death of Harold II at the Battle of Hastings, Edgar the Ætheling is proclaimed King of England by the Witan; he is never crowned, and concedes power to William the Conqueror two months later.
• 1211 – Battle of the Rhyndacus: The Latin emperor Henry of Flanders defeats the Nicaean emperor Theodore I Laskaris.
• 1529 – The Siege of Vienna ends when Austria routs the invading Ottoman forces, ending its European expansion.
• 1582 – Adoption of the Gregorian calendar begins, eventually leading to near-universal adoption.
• 1783 – The Montgolfier brothers’ hot air balloon makes the first human ascent, piloted by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier.
• 1815 – Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
• 1863 – American Civil War: The H.L. Hunley, the first submarine to sink a ship, sinks, killing its inventor.
• 1864 – American Civil War: The Union garrison of Glasgow, Missouri surrenders to Confederate forces.
• 1917 – World War I: Dutch dancer Mata Hari is executed by France for espionage.
• 1944 – World War II: Germany replaces the Hungarian government after it announces an armistice with the Soviet Union.
• 1965 – Vietnam War: A draft card is burned during an anti-war rally by the Catholic Worker Movement, resulting in the first arrest under a new law.
• 1979 – A coup d’état in El Salvador overthrows President Carlos Humberto Romero and begins the 12 year-long Salvadoran Civil War.
• 1990 – Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to lessen Cold War tensions and open up his nation.
• 1991 – The leaders of the Baltic States, Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia and the Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania, signed the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland.
• Anniversary of the 1987 Coup d’État (Burkina Faso).

People (Births)

• 1622 – Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, Swedish statesman and military man (d. 1686).
• 1784 – Thomas Robert Bugeaud, French general and politician, Governor-General of Algeria (d. 1849).
• 1785 – José Miguel Carrera, Chilean general and politician (d. 1821).
• 1802 – Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, French general and politician, head of state of France in 1848 (d. 1857).
• 1897 – Johannes Sikkar, Estonian soldier and politician, Prime Minister of Estonia in exile (d. 1960).
• 1906 – Hiram Fong, American soldier and politician (d. 2004).
• 1913 – Wolfgang Lüth, German commander (d. 1945).
• 1919 – Malcolm Ross, American captain, balloonist, and physicist (d. 1985).
• 1926 – James E. Akins, American soldier and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia (d. 2010).
• 1935 – Bobby Morrow, American sprinter.
• 1942 – Harold W. Gehman, Jr., American admiral.
• 1964 – Roberto Vittori, Italian colonel, pilot, and astronaut.
• 1980 – Tom Boonen, Belgian cyclist.
• 1982 – Sachiko Yamada, Japanese swimmer.

People (Deaths)

• 1788 – Samuel Greig, Scottish-Russian admiral (b. 1735).
• 1817 – Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish-Lithuanian general and engineer (b. 1746).
• 1819 – Sergey Vyazmitinov, Russian general and politician, War Governor of Saint Petersburg (b. 1744).
• 1946 – Hermann Göring, German general and politician (b. 1893).
• 1959 – Stepan Bandera, Ukrainian soldier and politician (b. 1909).
• 1966 – Frederick Montague, 1st Baron Amwell, English lieutenant and politician (b. 1876).
• 1987 – Thomas Sankara, Burkinabe captain and politician, 5th President of Burkina Faso (b. 1949).
• 1999 – Josef Locke, British-Irish soldier, policeman, tenor and actor (b. 1917).
• 2008 – Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca, Turkish soldier and poet (b. 1914).