Events

• 61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday.
• 1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury, as a prisoner.
• 1227 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, is excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX for his failure to participate in the Crusades.
• 1267 – The Treaty of Montgomery recognises Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales, but only as a vassal of King Henry III.
• 1364 – English forces defeat the French in Brittany, ending the War of the Breton Succession.
• 1578 – Tegucigalpa, capital city of Honduras, is claimed by the Spaniards.
• 1714 – The Great Hatred: the Cossacks of the Russian Empire killed about 800 people overnight in Hailuoto.
• 1789 – The United States Department of War first establishes a regular army with a strength of several hundred men.
• 1848 – The Battle of Pákozd is a stalemate between Hungarian and Croatian forces, and is the first battle of the Hungarian Revolution.
• 1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Chaffin’s Farm is fought.
• 1864 – The Treaty of Lisbon defines the boundaries between Spain and Portugal and abolishes the Couto Misto microstate.
• 1911 – Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
• 1918 – World War I: Bulgaria signs the Armistice of Salonica.
• 1918 – The Hindenburg Line is broken by an Allied attack.
• 1918 – Germany’s Supreme Army Command tells the Kaiser and the Chancellor to open negotiations for an armistice.
• 1923 – The British Mandate for Palestine takes effect, creating Mandatory Palestine.
• 1923 – The French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon takes effect.
• 1932 – Chaco War: Last day of the Battle of Boquerón between Paraguay and Bolivia.
• 1940 – Two Avro Ansons collide in mid-air over New South Wales, Australia, remain locked together, then land safely.
• 1941 – World War II: German forces, with the aid of local Ukrainian collaborators, begin the two-day Babi Yar massacre.
• 1957 – The Kyshtym disaster is the third-worst nuclear accident ever recorded.
• 1971 – Oman joins the Arab League.
• 1979 – The dictator Francisco Macias of Equatorial Guinea is shot by soldiers from Western Sahara.
• 1990 – The YF-22, which would later become the F-22 Raptor, flies for the first time.
• 1991 – A Haitian coup d’état occurs.
• 2013 – Over 42 people are killed by members of Boko Haram at the College of Agriculture in Nigeria.
• 2016 – Eleven days after the Uri attack, the Indian Army conducts “surgical strikes” against suspected militants in Pakistani-administered Kashmir.

People (Births)

• 106 BC – Pompey, Roman general and politician (d. 48 BC).
• 1460 – Louis II de la Trémoille, French military leader (d. 1525).
• 1602 – Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, English military leader (d. 1668).
• 1678 – Adrien Maurice de Noailles, French soldier and politician, French Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 1766).
• 1718 – Nikita Ivanovich Panin, Russian soldier and politician, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 1783).
• 1725 – Robert Clive, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire (d. 1774).
• 1758 – Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, English admiral (d. 1805).
• 1786 – Guadalupe Victoria, Mexican general, lawyer, and politician, 1st President of Mexico (d. 1843).
• 1803 – Mercator Cooper, American captain and explorer (d. 1872).
• 1880 – Liberato Pinto, Portuguese colonel and politician, 79th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1949).
• 1899 – László Bíró, Hungarian-Argentinian journalist and inventor, invented the ballpoint pen (d. 1985).
• 1908 – Eddie Tolan, American sprinter and educator (d. 1967).
• 1928 – Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury, English lieutenant, engineer, and politician (d. 2016).
• 1933 – Samora Machel, Mozambican commander and politician, 1st President of Mozambique (d. 1986).
• 1942 – Felice Gimondi, Italian cyclist (d. 2019).
• 1947 – Gary Wetzel, American soldier, Medal of Honour recipient.
• 1956 – Sebastian Coe, English sprinter and politician.
• 1976 – Óscar Sevilla, Spanish cyclist.
• 1979 – Takumi Beppu, Japanese cyclist and manager.
• 1986 – Isaac Makwala, Botswanan sprinter.

People (Deaths)

• 1298 – Guido I da Montefeltro, Italian military strategist (b. 1223).
• 1304 – John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, English general (b. 1231).
• 1703 – Charles de Saint-Évremond, French-English soldier, author, and critic (b. 1610).
• 1862 – William “Bull” Nelson, American general (b. 1824).
• 1867 – Sterling Price, American major general and politician (b. 1809).
• 1889 – Louis Faidherbe, French general and politician (b. 1818).
• 1913 – Rudolf Diesel, German engineer, invented the diesel engine (b. 1858).
• 1918 – Lawrence Weathers, Victoria Cross, decorated WWI Australian soldier (b. 1890).
• 1937 – Ernst Hoppenberg, German swimmer and water polo player (b. 1878).
• 2001 – Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, Vietnamese general and politician, 5th President of South Vietnam (b. 1923).
• 2006 – Michael A. Monsoor, American soldier, Medal of Honour recipient (b. 1981).
• 2009 – Pavel Popovich, Ukrainian general, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1930).
• 2013 – Anton Benning, German lieutenant (b. 1918).
• 2013 – Pete T. Cenarrusa, American soldier, pilot, and politician, Secretary of State of Idaho (b. 1917).