Events

• 224 – The Battle of Hormozdgan is fought.
  • Ardashir I defeats and kills Artabanus V effectively ending the Parthian Empire.
• 357 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory over Magnus Magnentius.
• 1192 – Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I), King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title to the throne is confirmed by election.
  • The killing is carried out by Hashshashin.
• 1503 – The Battle of Cerignola is fought.
  • It is noted as one of the first European battles in history won by small arms fire using gunpowder.
• 1758 – The Marathas defeat the Afghans in the Battle of Attock and capture the city.
• 1789 – Mutiny on the Bounty: Lieutenant William Bligh and 18 sailors are set adrift and the rebel crew returns to Tahiti briefly and then sets sail for Pitcairn Island.
• 1792 – France invades the Austrian Netherlands (present day Belgium and Luxembourg), beginning the French Revolutionary Wars.
• 1794 – Sardinians, headed by Giovanni Maria Angioy, start a revolution against the Savoy domination, expelling Viceroy Balbiano and his officials from Cagliari, the capital and largest city of the island.
• 1796 – The Armistice of Cherasco is signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Vittorio Amedeo III, King of Sardinia, expanding French territory along the Mediterranean coast.
• 1887 – A week after being arrested by the Prussian Secret Police, French police inspector Guillaume Schnaebelé is released on order of William I, German Emperor, defusing a possible war.
• 1920 – Azerbaijan is added to the Soviet Union.
• 1941 – World War II: The Ustaše massacre nearly 200 Serbs in the village of Gudovac, the first massacre of their genocidal campaign against Serbs of the Independent State of Croatia.
• 1944 – World War II: Nine German E-boats attacked US and UK units during Exercise Tiger, the rehearsal for the Normandy landings, killing 946.
• 1945 – Benito Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci are shot dead by Walter Audisio, a member of the Italian resistance movement.
• 1952 – Dwight D. Eisenhower resigns as Supreme Allied Commander of NATO.
• 1952 – The Treaty of San Francisco comes into effect, restoring Japanese sovereignty and ending its state of war with most of the Allies of World War II.
• 1952 – The Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty (Treaty of Taipei) is signed in Taipei, Taiwan between Japan and the Republic of China to officially end the Second Sino-Japanese War.
• 1965 – United States occupation of the Dominican Republic: American troops land in the Dominican Republic to “forestall establishment of a Communist dictatorship” and to evacuate US Army troops.
• 1967 – Vietnam War: Boxer Muhammad Ali refuses his induction into the United States Army and is subsequently stripped of his championship and license.
• 1969 – Charles de Gaulle resigns as President of France.
• 1970 – Vietnam War: US President Richard Nixon formally authorises American combat troops to take part in the Cambodian campaign.
• 1975 – General Cao Văn Viên, chief of the South Vietnamese military, departs for the US as the North Vietnamese Army closed in on victory.
• 1978 – President of Afghanistan, Mohammed Daoud Khan, is overthrown and assassinated in a coup led by pro-communist rebels.
• 1986 – The United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Enterprise becomes the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to transit the Suez Canal, navigating from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea to relieve the USS Coral Sea.
• 1993 – A Zambia Air Force DHC-5 Buffalo crashes off the coast of Libreville, Gabon, killing all 30 passengers, which included the entire Zambia national football team.
• 2004 – CBS News released evidence of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse.
  • The photographs show rape and abuse from the American troops over Iraqi detainees.
• Mujahideen Victory Day (Afghanistan).
• National Heroes Day (Barbados).
• Restoration of Sovereignty Day (Japan).
• Sardinia Day (Sardinia).

People (Births)

• AD 32 – Otho, Roman emperor (d. 69 AD).
• 1402 – Nezahualcoyotl, Acolhuan philosopher, warrior, poet and ruler (d. 1472).
• 1545 – Yi Sun-sin, Korean commander (d. 1598).
• 1758 – James Monroe, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 5th President of the United States (d. 1831).
• 1827 – William Hall, Canadian soldier, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1904).
• 1886 – Art Shaw, American hurdler (d. 1955).
• 1888 – Walter Tull, English footballer and soldier (d. 1918).
• 1897 – Ye Jianying, Chinese general and politician, Head of State of the People’s Republic of China (d. 1986).
• 1900 – Heinrich Müller, German SS officer (d. 1945).
• 1901 – H.B. Stallard, English runner and surgeon (d. 1973).
• 1912 – Odette Hallowes, French soldier and spy (d. 1995).
• 1921 – Rowland Evans, American soldier, journalist, and author (d. 2001).
• 1923 – William Guarnere, American sergeant (d. 2014).
• 1925 – John Leonard Thorn, English lieutenant, author, and academic.
• 1926 – Hulusi Sayın, Turkish general (d. 1991).
• 1937 – Saddam Hussein, Iraqi general and politician, 5th President of Iraq (d. 2006).
• 1941 – Lucien Aimar, French cyclist.
• 1960 – Jón Páll Sigmarsson, Icelandic strongman and weightlifter (d. 1993).
• 1980 – Bradley Wiggins, English cyclist.
• 1985 – Lucas Jakubczyk, German sprinter and long jumper.

People (Deaths)

• 948 – Hu Jinsi, Chinese general and prefect.
• 1741 – Magnus Julius De la Gardie, Swedish general and politician (b. 1668).
• 1813 – Mikhail Kutuzov, Russian field marshal (b. 1745).
• 1905 – Fitzhugh Lee, American general and politician, 40th Governor of Virginia (b. 1835).
• 1944 – Frank Knox, American journalist and politician, 46th United States Secretary of the Navy (b. 1874).
• 1945 – Roberto Farinacci, Italian soldier and politician (b. 1892).
• 1945 – Hermann Fegelein, German general (b. 1906).
• 1957 – Heinrich Bär, German colonel and pilot (b. 1913).
• 1963 – Wilhelm Weber, German gymnast (b. 1880).
• 1978 – Mohammed Daoud Khan, Afghan commander and politician, 1st President of Afghanistan (b. 1909).
• 2002 – Alexander Lebed, Russian general and politician (b. 1950).
• 2015 – Michael J. Ingelido, American general (b. 1916).