Events

• 1229 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares himself King of Jerusalem in the Sixth Crusade.
• 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongols overwhelm Polish armies in Kraków in the Battle of Chmielnik and plunder the city.
• 1314 – Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and final Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is burned at the stake.
• 1644 – The Third Anglo-Powhatan War begins in the Colony of Virginia.
• 1741 – New York governor George Clarke’s complex at Fort George is burned in an arson attack, starting the New York Conspiracy of 1741.
• 1766 – American Revolution: The British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act.
• 1793 – The first modern republic in Germany, the Republic of Mainz, is declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann.
• 1793 – Flanders Campaign of the French Revolution, Battle of Neerwinden.
• 1834 – Six farm labourers from Tolpuddle, Dorset, England are sentenced to be transported to Australia for forming a trade union.
• 1848 – March Revolution: In Berlin there is a struggle between citizens and military, costing about 300 lives.
• 1865 – American Civil War: The Congress of the Confederate States adjourns for the last time.
• 1871 – Declaration of the Paris Commune; President of the French Republic, Adolphe Thiers, orders the evacuation of Paris.
• 1874 – Hawaii signs a treaty with the United States granting exclusive trade rights.
• 1913 – King George I of Greece is assassinated in the recently liberated city of Thessaloniki.
• 1915 – World War I: During the Battle of Gallipoli, three battleships are sunk during a failed British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles.
• 1921 – The second Peace of Riga is signed between Poland and the Soviet Union.
• 1921 – The Kronstadt rebellion is suppressed by the Red Army.
• 1922 – In India, Mohandas Gandhi is sentenced to six years in prison for civil disobedience, of which he serves only two.
• 1937 – Spanish Civil War: Spanish Republican forces defeat the Italians at the Battle of Guadalajara.
• 1940 – World War II: Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass in the Alps and agree to form an alliance against France and the United Kingdom.
• 1942 – The War Relocation Authority is established in the United States to take Japanese Americans into custody.
• 1944 – Mount Vesuvius in Italy erupts, killing 26 people, causing thousands to flee their homes, and destroying dozens of Allied bombers.
• 1948 – Soviet consultants leave Yugoslavia in the first sign of the Tito-Stalin Split.
• 1959 – The Hawaii Admission Act is signed into law.
• 1962 – The Évian Accords end the Algerian War of Independence, which had begun in 1954.
• 1965 – Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, leaving his spacecraft Voskhod 2 for 12 minutes, becomes the first person to walk in space.
• 1969 – The United States begins secretly bombing the Sihanouk Trail in Cambodia, used by communist forces to infiltrate South Vietnam.
• 1990 – Germans in the German Democratic Republic vote in the first democratic elections in the former communist dictatorship.
• 1994 – Bosnia’s Bosniaks and Croats sign the Washington Agreement, ending war between the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and establishing the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• 2014 – The parliaments of Russia and Crimea sign an accession treaty.
• Gallipoli Memorial Day (Turkey).
• Men’s and Soldiers’ Day (Mongolia).
• Ordnance Factories’ Day (India).

People (Births)

• 1395 – John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, English military commander (d. 1447).
• 1701 – Niclas Sahlgren, Swedish businessman and philanthropist, co-founded the Swedish East India Company (d. 1776).
• 1823 – Antoine Chanzy, French general (d. 1883).
• 1846 – Kicking Bear, Native American tribal leader (d. 1904).
• 1858 – Rudolf Diesel, German engineer, invented the Diesel engine (d. 1913).
• 1893 – Costante Girardengo, Italian cyclist (d. 1978).
• 1893 – Wilfred Owen, English soldier and poet (d. 1918).
• 1913 – Werner Mölders, German colonel and pilot (d. 1941).
• 1928 – Miguel Poblet, Spanish cyclist (d. 2013).
• 1928 – Fidel V. Ramos, Filipino general and politician, 12th President of the Philippines.
• 1944 – Amnon Lipkin-Shahak, Israeli general and politician, 22nd Transportation Minister of Israel (d. 2012).
• 1978 – Brooke Hanson, Australian swimmer.
• 1981 – Tora Berger, Norwegian biathlete.
• 1981 – Fabian Cancellara, Swiss cyclist.
• 1981 – Leslie Djhone, French sprinter.
• 1987 – Rebecca Soni, American swimmer.

People (Deaths)

• 1314 – Jacques de Molay, Frankish knight (b. 1244).
• 1675 – Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, Irish soldier (b. 1606).
• 1689 – John Dixwell, English soldier and politician (b. 1607).
• 1941 – Henri Cornet, French cyclist (b. 1884).
• 2002 – R.A. Lafferty, American soldier and author (b. 1914).
• 2012 – William R. Charette, American soldier, Medal of Honour recipient (b. 1932).
• 2012 – William G. Moore Jr., American general (b. 1920).
• 2013 – Muhammad Mahmood Alam, Pakistani general and pilot (b. 1935).
• 2020 – Alfred Worden, US Air Force Colonel and Apollo 15 command module pilot (b. 1932).