Events

• 1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years’ War.
• 1591 – At the Battle of Tondibi in Mali, Moroccan forces of the Saadi dynasty, led by Judar Pasha, defeat the Songhai Empire, despite being outnumbered by at least five to one.
• 1697 – Nojpetén, capital of the last independent Maya kingdom, fell to Spanish conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.
• 1741 – The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (part of the War of Jenkins’ Ear) begins.
• 1809 – Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden is deposed in the Coup of 1809.
• 1848 – The German revolutions of 1848-1849 begin in Vienna.
• 1881 – Alexander II of Russia is assassinated.
• 1884 – The Siege of Khartoum begins, lasting until26 January 1885.
• 1900 – British forces occupy Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, during the Second Boer War.
• 1920 – The Kapp Putsch briefly ousts the Weimar Republic government from Berlin.
• 1943 – German forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Kraków.
• 1954 – The Battle of Điện Biên Phủ begins with an artillery barrage by Viet Minh forces under Võ Nguyên Giáp; Viet Minh victory lead to the end of the First Indochina War and French withdrawal from Vietnam.
• 1957 – Cuban student revolutionaries storm the presidential palace in Havana in a failed attempt on the life of President Fulgencio Batista.

People (Births)

• 1719 – John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden, English field marshal and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Essex (d. 1797).
• 1763 – Guillaume Brune, French general and diplomat (d. 1815).
• 1862 – Paul Prosper Henrys, French general (d. 1943).
• 1886 – Albert William Stevens, American captain and photographer (d. 1949).
• 1908 – Myrtle Bachelder, American chemist and Women’s Army Corps officer (d. 1997).
• 1914 – Edward O’Hare, American lieutenant and pilot, Medal of Honour recipient (d. 1943).
• 1923 – Dimitrios Ioannidis, Greek general (d. 2010).
• 1938 – Robert Gammage, American captain and politician (d. 2012).
• 1946 – Yonatan Netanyahu, American-Israeli colonel (d. 1976).
• 1955 – Olga Rukavishnikova, Russian pentathlete.
• 1978 – Tom Danielson, American cyclist.
• 1979 – Cédric Van Branteghem, Belgian sprinter.
• 1983 – Kaitlin Sandeno, American swimmer.

People (Deaths)

• 1823 – John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, English admiral and politician (b. 1735).
• 1833 – William Bradley, English lieutenant and cartographer (b. 1757).
• 1842 – Henry Shrapnel, English general (b. 1761).
• 1901 – Benjamin Harrison, American general and politician, 23rd President of the United States (b. 1833).
• 1946 – Werner von Blomberg, German field marshal (b. 1878).
• 1953 – Johan Laidoner, Estonian general and statesman (b. 1884).
• 1995 – Odette Hallowes, French nurse and spy (b. 1912).
• 2006 – Robert C. Baker, American businessman, invented the chicken nugget (b. 1921).