Events

• 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
• 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
• 1654 – The Capture of Fort Rocher takes place during the Anglo-Spanish War.
• 1775 – American Revolutionary War: The British Parliament declares Massachusetts in rebellion.
• 1788 – The Habsburg Empire joins the Russo-Turkish War in the Russian camp.
• 1849 – The new Roman Republic is declared.
• 1861 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected the Provisional President of the Confederate States of America by the Confederate convention at Montgomery, Alabama.
• 1895 – William G. Morgan creates a game called Mintonette, which soon comes to be referred to as volleyball.
• 1904 – Russo-Japanese War: Battle of Port Arthur concludes.
• 1920 – Under the terms of the Svalbard Treaty, international diplomacy recognises Norwegian sovereignty over Arctic archipelago Svalbard, and designates it as demilitarised.
• 1934 – The Balkan Entente is formed.
• 1941 – World War II: The Cathedral of San Lorenzo in Genoa, Italy, is struck by a bomb which fails to detonate.
• 1942 – World War II: Top US military leaders hold their first formal meeting to discuss American military strategy in the war.
• 1942 – Year-round Daylight saving time (aka War Time) is re-instated in the US as a wartime measure to help conserve energy resources.
• 1943 – World War II: Allied authorities declare Guadalcanal secure after Imperial Japan evacuates its remaining forces from the island, ending the Battle of Guadalcanal.
• 1945 – World War II: Battle of the Atlantic: HMS Venturer sinks U-864 off the coast of Fedje, Norway, in a rare instance of submarine-to-submarine combat.
• 1945 – World War II: A force of Allied aircraft unsuccessfully attacked a German destroyer in Førdefjorden, Norway.
• 1950 – Second Red Scare: US Senator Joseph McCarthy accuses the US Department of State of being filled with Communists.
• 1951 – Korean War: The two-day Geochang massacre begins as a battalion of the 11th Division of the South Korean Army kills 719 unarmed citizens in Geochang, in the South Gyeongsang district of South Korea
• 1959 – The R-7 Semyorka, the first intercontinental ballistic missile, becomes operational at Plesetsk, USSR.
• 1965 – The US Marine Corps sends a MIM-23 Hawk missile battalion to South Vietnam, the first American troops in-country without an official advisory or training mission.
• 1991 – Voters in Lithuania vote for independence.
• 1996 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army declares the end to its 18-month ceasefire and explodes a large bomb in London’s Canary Wharf, killing two people.
• 2020 – Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele has 1,400 army soldiers enter the Legislative Assembly building causing a brief political crisis.

People (Births)

• 1533 – Shimazu Yoshihisa, Japanese daimyō (d. 1611).
• 1666 – George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney, Scottish field marshal (d. 1737).
• 1711 – Luis Vicente de Velasco e Isla, Spanish sailor and commander (d. 1762).
• 1748 – Sir John Duckworth, 1st Baronet, English admiral and politician, Commodore Governor of Newfoundland (d. 1817).
• 1773 – William Henry Harrison, American general and politician, 9th President of the United States (d. 1841).
• 1839 – Silas Adams, American colonel, lawyer, and politician (d. 1896).
• 1859 – Akiyama Yoshifuru, Japanese general (d. 1930).
• 1897 – Charles Kingsford Smith, Australian captain and pilot (d. 1935).
• 1905 – David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter, English hurdler and politician (d. 1981).
• 1911 – William Orlando Darby, American general (d. 1945).
• 1946 – Jim Webb, American captain and politician, 18th United States Secretary of the Navy.
• 1950 – Richard F. Colburn, American sergeant and politician.
• 1965 – Dieter Baumann, German runner.
• 1975 – Kurt Asle Arvesen, Norwegian cyclist and coach.
• 1987 – Magdalena Neuner, German biathlete.
• 1988 – Lotte Friis, Danish swimmer.

People (Deaths)

• 1199 – Minamoto no Yoritomo, Japanese shōgun (b. 1147).
• 1588 – Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, Spanish admiral (b. 1526).
• 1777 – Seth Pomeroy, American general and gunsmith (b. 1706).
• 1803 – Jean François de Saint-Lambert, French soldier, poet, and philosopher (b. 1716).
• 1932 – A.K. Golam Jilani, Bangladeshi soldier and activist (b. 1904).
• 1977 – Sergey Ilyushin, Russian engineer and businessman, founded the Ilyushin Design Company (b. 1894).
• 1978 – Costante Girardengo, Italian cyclist and coach (b. 1893).
• 2005 – Robert Kearns, American engineer, invented the windscreen wiper (b. 1927).
• 2014 – Logan Scott-Bowden, English general (b. 1920).
• 2016 – Zdravko Tolimir, Bosnian Serb military commander (b. 1948).
• 2017 – André Salvat, French Army colonel (b. 1920).