Events

• 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
• 1264 – In the conflict between King Henry III of England and his rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, King Louis IX of France issues the Mise of Amiens, a one-sided decision in favour of Henry that later leads to the Second Barons’ War.
• 1368 – In a coronation ceremony, Zhu Yuanzhang ascends the throne of China as the Hongwu Emperor, initiating Ming dynasty rule over China that would last for three centuries.
• 1570 – James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent for the infant King James VI of Scotland, is assassinated by firearm, the first recorded instance of such.
• 1579 – The Union of Utrecht forms a Protestant republic in the Netherlands.
• 1719 – The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire.
• 1793 – Second Partition of Poland.
• 1795 – After an extraordinary charge across the frozen Zuiderzee, the French cavalry captured 14 Dutch ships and 850 guns, in a rare occurrence of a battle between ships and cavalry.
• 1870 – In Montana, US cavalrymen kill 173 Native Americans, mostly women and children, in what becomes known as the Marias Massacre.
• 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War: the Battle of Rorke’s Drift ends.
• 1899 – The Malolos Constitution is inaugurated, establishing the First Philippine Republic. Emilio Aguinaldo is sworn in as its first President.
• 1900 – Second Boer War: The Battle of Spion Kop between the forces of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State and British forces ends in a British defeat.
• 1912 – The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague.
• 1920 – The Netherlands refuses to surrender the exiled Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany to the Allies.
• 1937 – The trial of the anti-Soviet Trotskyist centre sees seventeen mid-level Communists accused of sympathizing with Leon Trotsky and plotting to overthrow Joseph Stalin’s regime.
• 1941 – Charles Lindbergh testifies before the US Congress and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler.
• 1942 – World War II: The Battle of Rabaul commences Japan’s invasion of Australia’s Territory of New Guinea.
• 1943 – World War II: Troops of the British Eighth Army capture Tripoli in Libya from the German–Italian Panzer Army.
• 1945 – World War II: German admiral Karl Dönitz launches Operation Hannibal.
• 1950 – The Knesset resolves that Jerusalem is the capital of Israel.
• 1958 – After a general uprising and rioting in the streets, President Marcos Pérez Jiménez leaves Venezuela.
• 1960 – The bathyscaphe USS Trieste breaks a depth record by descending to 10,911 metres (35,797 ft) in the Pacific Ocean.
• 1961 – The Portuguese luxury cruise ship Santa Maria is hijacked by opponents of the Estado Novo regime with the intention of waging war until dictator António de Oliveira Salazar is overthrown.
• 1963 – The Guinea-Bissau War of Independence officially begins when PAIGC guerrilla fighters attack the Portuguese army stationed in Tite.
• 1968 – USS Pueblo (AGER-2) is attacked and seized by naval forces of North Korea.
• 1973 – United States President Richard Nixon announces that a peace accord has been reached in Vietnam.
• 2018 – A double car bombing in Benghazi, Libya, kills at least 33 people and wounds “dozens” of others. The victims include both military personnel and civilians, according to local officials.

People (Births)

• 1737 – John Hancock, American general and politician, 1st Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1793).
• 1780 – Georgios Karaiskakis, Greek general (d. 1827).
• 1828 – Saigō Takamori, Japanese samurai (d. 1877).
• 1855 – John Browning, American weapons designer, founded the Browning Arms Company (d. 1926).
• 1897 – Subhas Chandra Bose, Indian freedom fighter and politician (d. 1945).
• 1897 – William Stephenson, Canadian captain and spy (d. 1989).
• 1905 – Erich Borchmeyer, German sprinter (d. 2000).
• 1916 – Airey Neave, English colonel, lawyer, and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (d. 1979).
• 1920 – Henry Eriksson, Swedish runner (d. 2000).
• 1923 – Horace Ashenfelter, American runner (d. 2018).
• 1923 – Walter M. Miller, Jr., American soldier and author (d. 1996).
• 1924 – Frank Lautenberg, American soldier, businessman, and politician (d. 2013).
• 1935 – Mike Agostini, Trinidadian sprinter (d. 2016).
• 1947 – Tom Carper, American captain and politician, 71st Governor of Delaware.
• 1982 – Andrew Rock, American sprinter.
• 1985 – Aselefech Mergia, Ethiopian runner.
• 1986 – Gelete Burka, Ethiopian runner.

People (Deaths)

• 1800 – Edward Rutledge, American captain and politician, 39th Governor of South Carolina (b. 1749).
• 1812 – Robert Craufurd, Scottish general and politician (b. 1764).
• 1833 – Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, English admiral and politician (b. 1757).
• 1993 – Keith Laumer, American soldier, author, and diplomat (b. 1925).
• 1994 – Nikolai Ogarkov, Russian field marshal (b. 1917).
• 2005 – Morys Bruce, 4th Baron Aberdare, English lieutenant and politician (b. 1921).
• 2010 – Kermit Tyler, American colonel and pilot (b. 1913).
• 2011 – Jack LaLanne, American fitness instructor, author, and television host (b. 1914).