Events

• 46 BC – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to Venus Genetrix, fulfilling a vow he made at the Battle of Pharsalus.
• 715 – Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald at the Battle of Compiègne.
• 1345 – Friso-Hollandic Wars: Frisians defeat Holland in the Battle of Warns.
• 1371 – Serbian–Turkish wars: Ottoman Turks fought against a Serbian army at the Battle of Maritsa.
• 1580 – Francis Drake finishes his circumnavigation of the Earth in Plymouth, England.
• 1687 – Morean War: The Parthenon in Athens, used as a gunpowder depot by the Ottoman garrison, is partially destroyed after being bombarded during the Siege of the Acropolis by Venetian forces.
• 1688 – The city council of Amsterdam votes to support William of Orange’s invasion of England, which became the Glorious Revolution.
• 1777 – American Revolution: British troops occupy Philadelphia.
• 1799 – War of the 2nd Coalition: Franco-Swiss troops defeat Austro-Russian forces, leading to the collapse of Suvorov’s campaign.
• 1905 – Albert Einstein publishes the third of his Annus Mirabilis papers, introducing the special theory of relativity.
• 1907 – Four months after the 1907 Imperial Conference, New Zealand and Newfoundland are promoted from colonies to dominions within the British Empire.
• 1917 – World War I: The Battle of Polygon Wood begins.
• 1918 – World War I: The Meuse-Argonne Offensive began which would last until the total surrender of German forces.
• 1923 – The German government accepts the occupation of the Ruhr.
• 1936 – Spanish Civil War: Lluis Companys reshuffles the Generalitat de Catalunya, with the marxist POUM and anarcho-syndicalist CNT joining the government.
• 1942 – World War II: Holocaust: Senior SS official August Frank issues a memorandum detailing how Jews should be “evacuated”.
• 1950 – Korean War: United Nations troops recapture Seoul from North Korean forces.
• 1953 – Rationing of sugar in the United Kingdom ends.
• 1983 – Soviet Air Force officer Stanislav Petrov identifies a report of an incoming nuclear missile as a computer error and not an American first strike.
• 1984 – The United Kingdom and China agree to a transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, to take place in 1997.

People (Births)

• 1406 – Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (d. 1430).
• 1711 – Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple, English politician, First Lord of the Admiralty (d. 1779).
• 1750 – Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, English admiral (d. 1810).
• 1887 – Barnes Wallis, English scientist and engineer, invented the Bouncing bomb (d. 1979).
• 1895 – Jürgen Stroop, German general (d. 1952).
• 1897 – Arthur Rhys-Davids, English lieutenant and pilot (d. 1917).
• 1914 – Jack LaLanne, American fitness expert (d. 2011).
• 1962 – Steve Moneghetti, Australian runner.
• 1974 – Gary Hall Jr., American swimmer.
• 1978 – Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot, Kenyan runner.
• 1979 – Simon Kirch, German sprinter.
• 1987 – Cyril Gautier, French road bicycle racer.
• 1994 – Jack Conger, American swimmer.

People (Deaths)

• 862 – Musa ibn Musa ibn Qasi, Muslim military leader (b. c. 790).
• 1536 – Didier de Saint-Jaille, 46th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller.
• 1626 – Wakisaka Yasuharu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1554).
• 1943 – Henri Fertet, French Resistance fighter (b. 1926).
• 1959 – Leslie Morshead, Australian general (b. 1889).
• 1965 – James Fitzmaurice, Irish soldier and pilot (b. 1898).
• 2006 – Iva Toguri D’Aquino, American wartime propaganda broadcaster (b. 1916).
• 2015 – Sidney Phillips, American soldier, physician, and author (b. 1924).