Events

• 683 – Yazid I’s army kills 11,000 people of Medina including notable Sahabas in Battle of al-Harrah.
• 1071 – The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most of Anatolia.
• 1278 – Ladislaus IV of Hungary and Rudolf I of Germany defeat Ottokar II of Bohemia in the Battle on the Marchfeld near Dürnkrut in (then) Moravia.
• 1303 – Chittorgarh falls to the Delhi Sultanate, after which thirty thousand Hindu inhabitants are killed.
• 1346 – At the Battle of Crécy, an English army easily defeats a French one twice its size.
• 1444 – Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs: A vastly outnumbered force of Swiss Confederates is defeated by the Dauphin Louis (future Louis XI of France) and his army of ‘Armagnacs’ near Basel.
• 1768 – Captain James Cook sets sail from England on board HMS Endeavour.
• 1810 – The former viceroy Santiago de Liniers of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata is executed after the defeat of his counter-revolution.
• 1813 – War of the Sixth Coalition: An impromptu battle takes place when French and Prussian-Russian forces accidentally run into each other near Liegnitz, Prussia (now Legnica, Poland).
  • Refer to Napoleonic Wars.
• 1814 – Chilean War of Independence: Infighting between the rebel forces of José Miguel Carrera and Bernardo O’Higgins erupts in the Battle of Las Tres Acequias.
• 1914 – World War I: The German colony of Togoland surrenders to French and British forces after a 20-day campaign.
• 1914 – World War I: During the retreat from Mons, the British II Corps commanded by General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien fights a vigorous and successful defensive action at Le Cateau.
• 1922 – Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922): Turkish army launched what has come to be known to the Turks as the Great Offensive (Büyük Taarruz).
  • The major Greek defence positions were overrun.
• 1936 – Spanish Civil War: Santander falls to the nationalists and the republican interprovincial council is dissolved.
• 1942 – World War II: The Holocaust in Ukraine: At Chortkiv, the Ukrainian police and German Schutzpolizei deport two thousand Jews to Bełżec extermination camp.
  • Five hundred of the sick and children are murdered on the spot. This continued until the next day.
• 1944 – World War II: Charles de Gaulle enters Paris.
• 1966 – The South African Border War starts with the battle at Omugulugwombashe.
• 1998 – The first flight of the Air Force Delta III ends in disaster 75 seconds after liftoff resulting in the loss of the Galaxy X satellite.
• 1999 – Russia begins the Second Chechen War in response to the Invasion of Dagestan by the Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade.
• Heroes’ Day (Namibia).

People (Births)

• 1740 – Joseph-Michel Montgolfier, French inventor, invented the hot air balloon (d. 1810).
• 1792 – Manuel Oribe, Uruguayan soldier and politician, 4th President of Uruguay (d. 1857).
• 1896 – Ivan Mihailov, Bulgarian soldier and politician (d. 1990).
• 1900 – Margaret Utinsky, American nurse, recipient of the Medal of Freedom (d. 1970).
• 1901 – Hans Kammler, German SS officer and engineer (d. 1945).
• 1901 – Maxwell D. Taylor, American general and diplomat, United States Ambassador to South Vietnam (d. 1987).
• 1901 – Chen Yi, Chinese general and politician, 2nd Foreign Minister of the People’s Republic of China (d. 1972).
• 1906 – Albert Sabin, Polish-American physician and virologist, developed the polio vaccine (d. 1993).
• 1914 – Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca, Turkish soldier and poet (d. 2008).
• 1920 – Prem Tinsulanonda, Thai general and politician, 16th Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 2019).
• 1929 – Reuben Kamanga, Zambian soldier and politician, 1st Vice President of Zambia (d. 1996).
• 1945 – Tom Ridge, American sergeant and politician, 1st Secretary of Homeland Security.
• 1953 – David Hurley, Australian general and politician, 27th Governor General of Australia.
• 1964 – Carsten Wolf, German cyclist.
• 1968 – Chris Boardman, English cyclist.
• 1977 – Therese Alshammar, Swedish swimmer.
• 1985 – Oleksiy Kasyanov, Ukrainian decathlete.

People (Deaths)

• 1785 – George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville, English soldier and politician, 3rd Secretary of State for the Colonies (b. 1716).
• 1810 – Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires, French-Spanish sailor and politician, 10th Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (b. 1753).
• 1813 – Theodor Körner, German soldier and author (b. 1791).
• 2011 – John McAleese, Scottish SAS sergeant (b. 1949).
• 2013 – Hélie de Saint Marc, French soldier (b. 1922).
• 2013 – John J. Gilligan, American soldier and politician, 62nd Governor of Ohio (b. 1921).
• 2013 – Clyde A. Wheeler, American soldier and politician (b. 1921).