Events

• AD 81 – Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
• 629 – Emperor Heraclius enters Constantinople in triumph after his victory over the Persian Empire.
• 919 – Battle of Islandbridge: High King Niall Glúndub is killed while leading an Irish coalition against the Vikings of Uí Ímair, led by King Sitric Cáech.
• 1180 – Genpei War: Battle of Ishibashiyama in Japan.
• 1402 – Battle of Homildon Hill results in an English victory over Scotland.
• 1607 – Flight of the Earls from Lough Swilly, Donegal, Ireland.
• 1723 – Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena lays down the first stone of Fort Manoel in Malta.
• 1752 – The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar, skipping eleven days (the previous day was 02 September).
• 1763 – Seneca warriors defeat British forces at the Battle of Devil’s Hole during Pontiac’s War.
• 1782 – American Revolutionary War: Review of the French troops under General Rochambeau by General George Washington at Verplanck’s Point, New York.
• 1791 – The Papal States lose Avignon to Revolutionary France.
• 1808 – Finnish War: Russians defeat the Swedes at the Battle of Oravais.
• 1812 – Napoleonic Wars: The French Grande Armée enters Moscow.
  • The Fire of Moscow begins as soon as Russian troops leave the city.
• 1814 – Battle of Baltimore: The poem Defence of Fort McHenry is written by Francis Scott Key.
  • The poem is later used as the lyrics of The Star-Spangled Banner.
• 1829 – The Ottoman Empire signs the Treaty of Adrianople with Russia, thus ending the Russo-Turkish War.
• 1846 – Jang Bahadur and his brothers massacre about 40 members of the Nepalese palace court.
• 1862 – American Civil War: The Battle of South Mountain, part of the Maryland Campaign, is fought.
• 1901 – US President William McKinley dies after being mortally wounded on 06 September by anarchist Leon Czolgosz and is succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt.
• 1914 – HMAS AE1, the Royal Australian Navy’s first submarine, is lost at sea with all hands near East New Britain, Papua New Guinea.
• 1917 – The Russian Empire is formally replaced by the Russian Republic.
• 1936 – Raoul Villain, who assassinated the French Socialist Jean Jaures, is himself killed by Spanish Republicans in Ibiza.
• 1939 – World War II: The Estonian military boards the Polish submarine ORP Orzeł in Tallinn, sparking a diplomatic incident that the Soviet Union will later use to justify the annexation of Estonia.
• 1940 – Ip massacre: The Hungarian Army, supported by local Hungarians, kill 158 Romanian civilians in Ip, Sălaj, a village in Northern Transylvania, an act of ethnic cleansing.
• 1943 – World War II: The Wehrmacht starts a three-day retaliatory operation targeting several Greek villages in the region of Viannos, whose death toll would eventually exceed 500 persons.
• 1944 – World War II: Maastricht becomes the first Dutch city to be liberated by allied forces.
• 1948 – The Indian Army captures the city of Aurangabad as part of Operation Polo.
• 1954 – In a top secret nuclear test, a Soviet Tu-4 bomber drops a 40 kiloton atomic weapon just north of Totskoye village.
• 1958 – The first two German post-war rockets, designed by the German engineer Ernst Mohr, reach the upper atmosphere.
• 1960 – Congo Crisis: Mobutu Sese Seko seizes power in a military coup, suspending parliament and the constitution.
• 1979 – Afghan President Nur Muhammad Taraki is assassinated upon the order of Hafizullah Amin, who becomes the new president.
• 1982 – President-elect of Lebanon Bachir Gemayel is assassinated.
• 1992 – The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declares the breakaway Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia to be illegal.
• 2019 – Yemen’s Houthi rebels claim responsibility for an attack on Saudi Arabian oil facilities.
• Mobilised Servicemen Day (Ukraine).

People (Births)

• 1721 – Eliphalet Dyer, American colonel, lawyer, and politician (d. 1807).
• 1774 – Lord William Bentinck, English general and politician, 14th Governor-General of India (d. 1839).
• 1872 – John Olof Dahlgren, Swedish-American soldier, Medal of Honour recipient (d. 1963).
• 1886 – Jan Masaryk, Czech soldier and politician, Czech Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 1948).
• 1892 – Laurence W. Allen, English lieutenant and pilot (d. 1968).
• 1913 – Jacobo Árbenz, Guatemalan captain and politician, President of Guatemala (d. 1971).
• 1922 – Alfred Käärmann, Estonian soldier and author (d. 2010).

People (Deaths)

• 1435 – John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, English politician, Lord High Admiral (b. 1389).
• 1646 – Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire (b. 1591).
• 1749 – Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham, English field marshal and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire (b. 1675).
• 1759 – Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, French general (b. 1712).
• 1807 – George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend, English field marshal and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1724).
• 1836 – Aaron Burr, American colonel and politician, 3rd Vice President of the United States (b. 1756).
• 1852 – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Irish-English field marshal and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1769).
• 1901 – William McKinley, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 25th President of the United States (b. 1843).
• 1966 – Cemal Gürsel, Turkish general and politician, 4th President of Turkey (b. 1895).
• 1982 – Bachir Gemayel, Lebanese commander and politician (b. 1947).
• 1995 – Maurice K. Goddard, American colonel and politician (b. 1912).
• 2000 – Jerzy Giedroyc, Belarusian-Polish soldier and activist (b. 1906).
• 2005 – Vladimir Volkoff, French soldier and author (b. 1932).
• 2013 – Osama El-Baz, Egyptian soldier and diplomat (b. 1931).