Events

• 999: Battle of Glenmama: The combined forces of Munster and Meath under king Brian Boru inflict a crushing defeat on the allied armies of Leinster and Dublin near Lyons Hill in Ireland.
• 1419: Hundred Years’ War: Battle of La Rochelle
• 1460: Wars of the Roses: Lancastrians kill the 3rd Duke of York and win the Battle of Wakefield.
• 1702: Queen Anne’s War: James Moore, Governor of the Province of Carolina, abandons the Siege of St. Augustine.
• 1813: War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York.
• 1816: The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the united Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi Indian tribes is proclaimed.
• 1825: The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the Shawnee Nation is proclaimed.
• 1853: Gadsden Purchase: The United States buys land from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest.
• 1890 – Following the Wounded Knee Massacre, the United States Army and Lakota warriors face off in the Drexel Mission Fight.
• 1896: Filipino patriot and reform advocate José Rizal is executed by a Spanish firing squad in Manila.
• 1897: The British Colony of Natal annexes Zululand.
• 1916: The last coronation in Hungary is performed for King Charles IV and Queen Zita.
• 1922: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is formed.
• 1935: The Italian Air Force bombs a Swedish Red Cross hospital during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.
• 1943: Subhas Chandra Bose raises the flag of Indian independence at Port Blair.
• 1944: King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving the throne vacant.
• 1947: Cold War: King Michael I of Romania is forced to abdicate by the Soviet Union-backed Communist government of Romania.
• 1958: The Guatemalan Air Force sinks several Mexican fishing boats alleged to have breached maritime borders, killing three and sparking international tension.
• 1965: Ferdinand Marcos becomes President of the Philippines.
• 1972: Vietnam War: The United States halts heavy bombing of North Vietnam.
• 1997: In the worst incident in Algeria’s insurgency, the Wilaya of Relizane massacres, 400 people from four villages are killed.
• 2006: The former President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, is executed.
• 2009: A suicide bomber kills nine people at Forward Operating Base Chapman, a key facility of the Central Intelligence Agency in Afghanistan.

People (Births)

• AD 39: Titus, Roman emperor (d. 81).
• 1760: Charles Sapinaud de La Rairie, French general (d. 1829).
• 1884: Hideki Tōjō, Japanese general and politician, 40th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948).
• 1890: Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, Mexican soldier and politician, 47th President of Mexico (1952-1958) who granted women the right to vote. (d. 1973).
• 1934: Joseph P. Hoar, American general.
• 1935: Omar Bongo, Gabonese lieutenant and politician, President of Gabon (d. 2009).
• 1944: William J. Fallon, American admiral.

People (Deaths)

• 903: Tian Jun, Chinese warlord (b. 858).
• 1769: Nicholas Taaffe, 6th Viscount Taaffe, Irish-Austrian soldier and courtier (b. 1685).
• 2006: Saddam Hussein, Iraqi general and politician, 5th President of Iraq (b. 1937).
• 2006: Terry Peck, Falkland Islander police officer and spy (b. 1938).
• 2013: Kinnaird R. McKee, American admiral (b. 1929).